Unit 5

The Great Depression and The New Deal:

1920s America - "The Roaring '20s"

October 29, 1929 - "Black Tuesday"

American Unemployment Rate

Government Spending

A Hooverville

Dr. FDR

• 1920s--->Sports (Baseball), jazz, illegal activities, "Loud" and it was a time probably of a lot of things becoming more important.

• And referring to the twenties as "Roaring", means that there is probably a lot of power starting to come out...
• Who is the Lady? she seems important since she is in the picture.

• 1929---> it was a time when they were starting to be in a reccession but worse than we are in now.

• They probably called it "Black Tuesday" because that was the downhill day when everything started to go wrong and money problems.

• 1930s---> they tried different programs to acheive relief during the Great depression.

• during 1930-1940, a lot of money was being spent.
• During this time there was a very high percentage of unemployment, especially when Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR).
• People were living in these little shacks while and after Hoover Was president.
• They probably blamed Hoover for everything.
• FDR wanted to try out these different programs to help out the people.

1. The 1920s was a decade of...(Entertainment and happiness, crowds dancing(swsing), going to sporting events, jazz music, new inventions... like radio, illegal activity-mob(breaking prohibition laws), ECONOMIC PROSPERITY-lots of jobs,money, and business growth. Known as the Roaring 20s)... social, artistic, and cultural dynamism. It was also called the Jazz age, Age of intolerance, and Age of wonderful nonsense.

2. But in 1929... the stock market crashed and the conomy crumbled.

3. The 1930s became a decade of... ( The Great Depression) was a decade of poverty, depression, unemployment (oblessness),desperation, homelessness, bankruptcy...AND...technological innovations continued, FDR became President and enacted the New Deal to try to fix the problems of the Great Depression.

BOOM AND BUST CYCLES of capitalist economies. 1920s BOOM...1930s BUST.

Busts often occur due to overexpansion and overproduction- business make too many products that don't get sold and they have wasted their money. They wind up losing money and having to lay off workers. That is usually one part of bust cycles.

Another part of bust cycles usually is bad banking practices.



This cartoon is showing how FDR is waiting on the New deal programs to see if they are successful in fufilling its deeds. It shows him as a baby because he didnt know how the programs would go, but wanted to have the feeling of expecting something.

Since they lost their jobs, there was a place where they couldve got free food (coffee & doughnuts), so that maybe the good jesture would bring them back someday to actually pay for the food and thank them.

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Notes: The Great Depression and the New Deal

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Top 5 causes of the Great Depression:

• Stock market crash of 1929
  • one of the major cuases of the Great Depression with stockholders losing billions($40b). When some money was gained, it wasnt enough.
• Bank failures
  • over 9,000 banks failed and people lost their savings. The banks that were left were afraid to give out loans for the sake of their survival
• Reduction in purchasing across the board
  • More and more people lost their jobs and couldn't pay their credit and the things that they had purchased got taken back. Also the productions of things went down because they wren't producing more things due to peoplp losing jobs and not being able to purchase.
• American economic policy with Europe
  • To help Protect companies the government created the Smoot-Hawley Tariff in 1930. They began to add more taxes on things being imported between America and foreign countries
• Drought conditions
  • occured in the Mississippi Valley in 1930, they could not even pay their taxes and debt. this drought hurt farmers because they needed water.
  • Dust Bowl

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video Notes:

• they got carried away with using more money on ads instead of education
• they got too caught up in consumerism
• lost 12xs more in 3 wks
• a background cause, which it started to get worse a year later after the crash
• cooking the books(faking its numbers)- lying, the banks invested money unwisely with the peoples money
• after the news heard about something was wrong with the bank, they all wanted to sell their stock or get their money out of the bank
• by 1933 there is 28 states with no open banks
• unemployment goes from 4million in 1930 to 12 million in 1932
• building projects publicly funded(government money), privately built (private businesses)
• many men died constructing the Hoover dam
• The Hoover dam was finished in 1935, started in 1931
• Hoover dam led to the developement of las vegas

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Great Drepression mark up

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D. Key Concepts so far (before the New Deal):

1. What were the 1920s like?

• The Roaring '20s
• fun, music, dancing
• women-more partying, short hair, shorter dresses
• women and a car
• new roles & new opportunity for women-(19th amendment) allowed to vote, elected state and local offices, jobs outside the homes, attended college
• urbanization effects
• conflicts over values- urban and rural americans had diferent values
• prohibition- 18th amendment- banning of alcohol
• they poured wine into the streets
• the great migration- african americans were moving north after WWI to seek opportunities
• Harlem artists, performers and musicians- african americans got better opportunities and became more known
• Entertainment -radio( to communicate and played records)- movies( changes in the type of films available, most short and simple, silent films)-
• Arts- more different sports

2. Why did the economy start to tank in the late '20s and get really bad in the early 30s (multiple reasons)?

• lots of buying on credit
• Stock market crash
• Bank failures
• Drought conditions
• Bad government policy
• Overproduction

3. What were the key characteristics of the Great Depression? (List the problems with descriptions and DATA)

• Poverty/ unemployment
• Farm bankruptcies- the dust bowl
• people spending more than their incomes
• hoovervilles- people out of work lived in these shacks
• homelessness and hoboes/children went for jobs
• ineffective government under Hoover
• deflation-prices dropped- consumerism slowed way down
• emotional difficulties- people were miserable, guilty, angry, helpless, useless, etc.
• unstable stock market
• unstable banking system
• business failures

4. Who was president when the economy went bad and what did he try to do? (specific terms)

A. What were his political and economic philosophies? What is a philosophy?

--> Herbert Hoover was president from 1929- 1933. He became president in March, 1929 and the stock market crashed in october- 7 months later. Hoover did not cause the crash or Depression, but he also didn't really help address either.

hilosophy- a set of ideas and beliefs

Hoover was a Republican, a Conservative, and he believed in Laissez faire capitalism

• Laissez faire capitalism- french for "leave alone" or "let be"-as when the gov't leaves the people alone with economic things(let the economy function on its own)-not a lot of rules and regulations.
• Conservative- Hoover was against a lot of change, he believed in traditional ways of doing things
• Republican- He believed in lower taxes, helping big businesses, social darwinism. that the govt and the economy was not able to acheive their desired results.
• Hoover video:
  • hoover build a successful mining caompany that made him a millionaire
  • people saw him as a favoring big business republican
  • his speeches did little to boost peoples confidence
  • "mr. president the govt needs to do more" - voluntarism wasnt working because Hoover relied on businesses to improve
  • "in Hoover we trusted, now we're busted"
  • key event; Bonus army, bonus march, WWI veterans wanting their bonus' early
  • FDR offered Americans HOPE, and they went with him

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"After the crash Hoover announced that while he would keep the Federal budget balanced, he would cut taxes and expand public works spending. In 1931 repercussions from Europe deepened the crisis, even though the President presented to Congress a program asking for creation of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to aid business, additional help for farmers facing mortgage foreclosures, banking reform, a loan to states for feeding the unemployed, expansion of public works, and drastic governmental economy. At the same time he reiterated his view that while people must not suffer from hunger and cold, caring for them must be primarily a local and voluntary responsibility." From: Whitehouse.gov - Herbert Hoover Hoover's attempts to aid Americans and the economy, explain each (use background knowledge, the paragraph above and internet research):

• Smoot-Hawley Tariff--->Law passed by Congress to raise taxes on imports( goods from countries) so that foreign goods became more expensive and Americans would buy American goods. It worsened the GD. Other countries passed tariffs on American goods and global trade slowed way down

• RFC - Reconstruction Finance Corporation----- > A gov't agency to give loans to struggling banks, businesses, railroad companies, etc. helped businesses, farmers (facing mortgage forclosures), banking, expand public works, and also the gov't economy

• Hoover Dam and other public works building projects---> provided many people who were willing to do dangerous jobs, which they were desperate to get jobs. The Hoover Dam also provided them with electricity.

( Hoover didnt do more because he didnt believe that the gov't should have done more, also he was replaced)

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5. A. The Presidential election of 1932 was Herbert Hoover (R) vs. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (D) -a.k.a FDR- Inaugurated in March of 1933

B. FDR was a Democrat and a liberal- more willing to accept change and implement gov't involvement in the economy

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FDR Video notes:

• He had Polio, a disease that you can not get from someone else(maybe genetics); it crippled him;
• The media protected him because they respected the president by not exposing his condition
• He used the radio as a major way to communicate with the people
• "We have nothing to fear, but fear itself" -- FDR
• during first hundred days of presidency, FDR passed laws and acts to help during the Great Depression
• Eleanor Roosevelt was FDR's wife, she was his eyes, ears, and legs to go out and travel to speak out to people- ( she changed the whole concept of the first lady)
• 1935-the social security act, (elderly, disabled, and unemployed)
• first term- lots of programs-some progress 1933-1937; During his second term 1937- setbacks- Conservative Supreme Court(struck down-ruled against a couple of New Deal programs---> AAA and the NIRA were the ones that got struck down)
• tried to add 6 judges but failed---"Court packing" incident

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external image fireside-chats-politics-fireside-chat-roosevelt-columbia-nbc-demotivational-poster-1240909430.jpg

F. FDR - personality, philosophy, and Fireside Chats

• Who was FDR? What was his background? What was his personality like?

  • FDR(Democrat and Liberal) became president and served the longest as president(almost 4 terms; he died at the beginning of his 4th term)
  • He had Polio, a disease that prevent him from walking on his own
  • He liked and wanted chage to help people(during GD) and he seemed like a very caring person
  • The people/reporters,media,etc. loved FDR so much that they protected him by not exposing his conditon to the public

• What was his political and economic philosophy? How was it different from Hoover's?

  • FDR was a Liberal and Democrat- he wanted to help and be invovled
  • Hoover(Republican) wanted things to be the same and wanted everything to fix itself-(conservative), and he aslo didn't believe that the government should get involve in economic things. Fdr was the total opposite and wanted to be involve as much as he could and he was more willing to accept some change.

• What were Fireside Chats?

  • Speaking to the public through radios
  • Fireside" because people would probably sit by their fireplaces with the family and listen to him on the radio

• Why were confidence and hope so important in the early 1930s?

  • the people needed confidence and hope because during that time was after the Stock market crash and they needed to believe that everything would get better, something that president Hoover thought as well.

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G. Major New Deal programs

Why does everyone look so happy?

Why does everyone look so happy?

answer: Everyone one looks happy because FDR came up with these New Deals that were helping out everyone,especially the children's parents.

1. Go back to your list of the problems of the Great Depression from D3 and create a chart that matches up each problem with the New Deal program(s) that tried to address it. Your chart should have 3 columns - Problem, New Deal Program, Description of the Program.

2. Major New Deal programs to include (there were often multiple programs for each problem):

   1. Bank Holiday

   2. Emergency Banking Act

   3. AAA

   4. CCC

   5. NIRA

   6. TVA

   7. FDIC

   8. SEC

   9. WPA

   10. REA

   11. Social Security

   12. Fair Labor Standards Act

3. Use the following links to find your information. Make sure you put these links with your notes:

List of major ND programs w relief, recovery, or reform labels
Major New Deal programs w descriptions
Top 10 ND Programs
Major ND Programs - Chart

Great Depression Problems	Major New Deal Programs	Program Descriptions
1. Poverty/unemployment/ people spending more than their income	A.WPA B. CCC C.NIRA D.Social security Act	A. Provided/Employed 8.5mil people works in Arts, Theater,Literary projects, and public construction projects B.Jobs that were created for the average american, with little or no training C.Government rules for working conditions D. unemployment insurance, aid to the disabled and dependent children
2. Farm bankruptcies/Dust Bowl	E.AAA F.REA G.TVA	E.Protected farmers from price drops by giving them money to stop planting crops F.expansion of electricity, by 1940s 40% American farms electrified G.Government built dams(Hoover dam) to prevent floods and to sell electricity
3.Unsatble stock market	H.SEC	H.Regulated stock market
4.Business failures/Business/ unstable banking sytem	I. Bank Holiday J. Emergency Banking Act K.NIRA L.FDIC	I. Banks closed/legal holiday J.gave government the opportunity to inspect health of all banks K.Government regulations for business productions L.provide deposit insurance
5.Work conditions	M.Fair labor standards N. NIRA	M. minimum wage and banned child labor N. Government rules for working coditions

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5. Next, using the AAA, SEC, WPA, and Social Security, make a 5 slide Slide presentation by using the Slide website - make sure you include a title slide for the New Deal and then for each program a slide with a picture that makes sense and a caption explaining the program.

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H. The Dust Bowl

The Dust Bowl begins.

The Dust Bowl begins.

The Dust Bowl's main region

The Dust Bowl's main region

1. Opener: we will watch and listen to a short video:

Video - 1 minute personal account voiceover with images

• it was very dark and she couldn't see
• they tryed to use a lamp, but it didnt work
• thought it was a storm
• put a wet cloth over their mouths
• thought it was smoke
• 1934, lived in the north

• From what you saw and heard, what was the Dust Bowl?

  • The Dust Bowl was like a storm that happened frequently, which was probably caused by the drying of the dirt/soil being lifted.

2. Dust Bowl vocabulary

• Please copy the following vocab chart into your notebook for use throughout our study of the Dust Bowl

Dust Bowl vocabulary

TERM	DEFINITION	IMPORTANCE	IMAGE
Dust Bowl	the name of the regions hit by the dust bowl or the name of the event of the dust bowl-1934 to 1938	caused damage to the farmer's farm and the people
Drought	very little or no rain fall-ends 1939 and rain comes	caused dryness in the dirt on the farms
Migrant	someone who moves from one place to another	people that were affected by the storms that had to move to another place
Okie	thinking a person is from Oklahoma	the migrants were given this name because a lot of them were from Oklahoma
Great Plains	A region of flat land where people farm-corn and wheat	--region where most of the countries food comes from

3. Where was the Dust Bowl?

Regions with states

Great Plains states map

Dust Bowl map and migration lines

What vocab can we start to fill in?

4. The following information is adapted from WGBH's American Experience series, the installment called Surviving the Dust Bowl

• Please copy and paste the text below into a Google Doc, then mark it up with your reactions, comments, questions, and the main ideas that you identify (make sure you add the above link for the website the info came from):

• An important thing that stuck out to me was how 2.5 million people left the countries affected by the dust, had to leave their hometowns and migrated to CA for a new life. hey also thought they were from Oklahoma, which they were called "Okies".

5. Create a slide presentation of pictures and captions to summarize what you have learned about the Dust Bowl today: include information from all parts of class today and any other research you do. Make sure to keep track of any sites you use for information. Use the Slide site.

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6. Next: What did FDR do to help those affected by the Dust Bowl?Use the following timeline to find information on what actions FDR and the U.S. government took to help Americans hurt by the dust bowl. Make a list of any actions in your notebook:

Dust Bowl timeline from American Experience

what Gov't did to help Americans hurt by the Dust Bowl

1. 1934, June 28th-- FDR signs the Taylor Grazing Act, he could take 140 million acres of the fed- owned land so that they could establish fertile land for the cows and famers to farm. Frazier- Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act (approved) - restricted banks to dispsses farmers in times of need/distress
2. 1933, May 12-- The Emergency Farm Mortgage Act, distributed $200 million to help farmers from forclosure. The Farm Credit Act of 1933, establishes a local bank to set up credit associations
3. 1935, april 8--The Emergency Relief Appropriations Act (approved)- provided $525 million for drought relief and began the WPA(employed 8.5 mil people)
4. 1935, january 15--A Drought Relief Service, to coordinate relief activities, buying cattle from the farmers
5. 1935, april 27-- The Soil Conservation Service, which farmers are paid to practice soil conservation so that there will be no more problems
6. 1936, May-- Soil Conservation Service allowed farmers to start their own districts to set soil conservation practices
7. 1937, March-- The Shelterbelt Project, planted trees across the Great Plains to protect the land from erosion.

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7. Capturing the Dust Bowl in song and pictures: || ||

Woody Guthrie

|| || Woody Guthrie || || ||

Dorothea Lange

|| || Dorothea Lange || || || Woody Guthrie.org - official site Woody Guthrie during the Dust Bowl Woody Guthrie songs and lyrics Pastures of Plenty - Lyrics Pastures of Plenty - Youtube || Dorothea Lange photo collection ||

Pastures of Plenty
Words and Music by Woody Guthrie
It's a mighty hard row that my poor hands have hoed
My poor feet have traveled a hot dusty road
Out of your Dust Bowl and Westward we rolled
And your deserts were hot and your mountains were cold
I worked in your orchards of peaches and prunes
I slept on the ground in the light of the moon
On the edge of the city you'll see us and then
We come with the dust and we go with the wind
California, Arizona, I harvest your crops
Well its North up to Oregon to gather your hops
Dig the beets from your ground, cut the grapes from your vine
To set on your table your light sparkling wine
Green pastures of plenty from dry desert ground
From the Grand Coulee Dam where the waters run down
Every state in the Union us migrants have been
We'll work in this fight and we'll fight till we win
It's always we rambled, that river and I
All along your green valley, I will work till I die
My land I'll defend with my life if it be
Cause my pastures of plenty must always be free

• title= probably lots of room, animals, and crops
• This song is really like a fight song for the 2.5million people who had to relocate and find crops to harvest
• in California, Arizona, and Oregon, if the people want some hope they should go to those places

----John Steinbeck
Novel: Grapes of Wrath

Analysis: This picture captures the trouble of the dust bowl. This mother of seven you can see that she is having a lot of trouble. They all are dirty because of all the dust storms.

Analysis: These kids look really sad and scared because of the dust bowl. Their house looks all torn and damaged, maybe the storms hit so hard that it caused great amounts of damge to the peoples' homes.

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The Three R's of the New Deal:

(textbook page 712)

• Relief-- Temporary aid---> short term
  • money to the needy or jobs(temperary)
  • Ex. CCC--Civilian Conservation Corps
• Recovery-- Permanent aid---> long term
  • prgrams to get the economy back on track
  • Ex. NIRA--National Industrial Recovery Act
• Reform-- Change---> different ways of doing things to avoid problems
  • avoid another Great Depression
  • Ex. SEC, FDIC- still in existence today

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K. Evaluating the New Deal

1. Employment Status of the Civilian Labor Force

1929–1948

YEAR	PERCENT UNEMPLOYED	ANALYSIS
1929	3.2	Economy is good Stock market crash- Oct 29
1930	8.7	Things start to unravel
1931	15.9	Economy is getting worse and worse
1932	23.6	More and more businesses are closing FDR defeats Hoover, becomes president
1933	24.9	25% unemployment is really high, worse of GD FDR takes office and the New Deal begins-- banking addresses first then, unemployment SIDE NOTE:HITLER TAKES POWER IN GERMANY
1934	21.7	More and more jobs programs progress starts to be made
1935	20.1	WPA- lots of jobs Social Security Act- major changes
1936	16.9	Unemployment #s getting better and better FDR relected as president
1937	14.3	Best unemployment % during the New Deal Gov't starts to pull back on the spending on job programs
1938	19.0	Unemployment jumps back up due to fewer gov't jobs programs
1939	17.2	WWII starts in Europe Countries start to buy more supplies from the U.S.
1940	14.6
1941	9.9	Japan bombs Pearl Habor and the U.S. enters WWll
1942	4.7	Lots of jobs and people joining the army or factories Great Depression OVER
1943	1.9
1944	1.2
1945	1.9	WWII Ends
1946	3.9
1947	3.6
1948	3.4

• New Deal didnt end the Great Depression, WWII did

After having read the chart above, copy it into your notebook and add to the analysis column - what key events took place in the different years shown in the chart?

2. Legacies of the New Deal:

A. Results at the time - addressing key issues

• Banking*(he really helped restore banks)---> restabilized

B. Fighting unemployment and poverty - managing the Depression

• From the chart up there

C. Programs that still exist today

• Social Security, SEC, FDIC

D. Shifting voting patterns

• African americans start to vote Democrat--> 1934 elections

E. Progress on social issues - women, African-Americans, etc.

• women served as leaders in many New Deal programs
• some women took on jobs such as Director of the U.S. Mint and assistant secretary of te treasury
• women faced a lot of challenges, ex men recieved higher wages than women did
• Frances Perkins- Secretary of Labor
• Some African Americans were hired as fill posts in the govt- known as Black Cabinet
• African Americans decided that they should vote for the Democratic party

F. Role of the government